Sociology is the science of society. Sociology word was terms which was derived from Latin and Greek words as the socious or societus and logos or logy which means society and science or study. Sociology word was first used by the French Professor August Comte. And, Comte introduced the word 'Sociology' for the first time in his famous work "Positive Philosophy at about 1893 ( Subject to nature and invariable laws, the discovery of which is the object of investigation)
Sociology is one of the members of the family of social sciences. Sociology is concerned with the life and activities of man. It studies the nature and character of human society, and also its origin, and development, structure and functions. And, it also analyses the group life of man and examines the bonds of social utility. Sociology tries to determine the relationship and interdependence between different elements of social life ; between moral and the religious, the economic and political, the intellectual and the philosophical and the aesthetic, the scientific and the technological, and non-material and so on.
Broadly it may be said that sociology has had a four fold origin ; in political philosophy, the philosophy of history, biological theories of evolution and the movements for social and political reforms.
Pioneers or founding fathers of sociology are as follows :-
August Comte
Herbert Spencer
Karl Marx
Max Weber
Some definitions of sociology by the sociologist are as follows:-
"Sociology is the science of society"- L.F. Ward
"Sociology deals with the behaviour of men in the groups"- Kimball Young
"The subject matters of the society is the interaction of human minds"- Young n Mack
Thus, many sociologist defines their own view on the topics of sociology and they are different from each other so sociology is the broad concept of society.
And, Anthropology means the study of human beings their behaviour and its evolution and about human structure. The word anthropology was derived from the Greek words 'Anthropos' and the 'logos' or 'logy' which means 'man' and the 'study or science'. Some definitions of anthropology are as follows:-
"Anthropology as the study of human beings"- Anthropology of Dictionary
"Anthropology is the science of groups of men and their behaviour and the production"- A.L. Kroeber
"Anthropology may be defined as the measurement of human beings"- M.J. Herskovites
Thus, anthropologists are seek answers to an enormous variety of questions about humans. They are interested to discovering when, where and why humans appeared on the earth, how and they have changed since then.
Sociology is the study of human social life, groups and societies. The scope of sociological study is extremely wide, ranging from the analysis of passing encounters between global social processes. Sociology is the science of society. Sociology deals with many things in the society likes family, education, networks, etc. sociology is the science of social relationship. It also studies about the social life and social action. Sociology have some functions also and they are as follows:
Social Structure
Customs
Social Institutions
Religion
Social Change
Anthropology is the study or science of human beings. Anthropology is the practical side and in this topic the anthropologist are seek to know that how human beings were incorporate a whole catalog of disciplines; sociology, psychology, political science, economics, history, human biology and perhaps even the humanistic disciplines of philosophy and literature. Most of those disciplines have existed longer than anthropology, and each is somewhat distinctive. Anthropology is the scientific study of overall activities and the development about human history to the present. Anthropology mainly concerned on primitive communities to the study of varying cultural patterns developed in different periods of human history.
Culture is the way of life in simple meaning. Culture means social charm in intellectual excellence.Culture is the stock in trade of a group. In Nepali, Sanskrit, a synonym for culture is 'Sanskar'. Culture includes every thing for which ritual performance are needed. Culture, in anthropology, the patterns of behaviour and thinking that people living in social learn, create, and share. Culture distinguishes one human group from others. A people's culture includes their beliefs, rules of behaviour, language, rituals, art, technology, styles of dress, ways of producing and cooking food, religion, and political and economic systems. Culture is the most important concept in anthropology ( the study of all aspects of human life, past and present). Anthropologists commonly use the term culture to refer to a society or group in which many people live and think in the same ways. Thus, the terms culture and society are somewhat interchangeable.
Some definitions are as follows :-
1. " Culture is the man made part of the environment." - M.J. Herskovits
2. " Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society. " - Tylor
3. " Culture is the hindiwork of man and the medium through which achieves his ends." - Malinowski
The " Society" is usually used to designate the members of specific in- groups, persons rather than the social relationships of those persons. Thus we speak of a Harijan speak of Ar ya Samaj or Brahman Samaj. A society is intangible; it is " a process rather than a thing, motion rather the structure ".
Some definitions are as follows :-
- " A number of like - minded individuals, who know and enjoy their like - mindedness, and are, therefore, able to work together for common ends. " - Giddings
- " Society is a system of usages and procedures, authority and mutual aid, of many groupings and divisions, of controls of human behaviour and of liberties. " - MacIver and Page
- " A soceity is the larger group to which any individual belongs. " - Green
Thus, soceity is to be interpreted in a wider sense. It is both a structural and functional organization. It consists in the mutual interactions and mutual interrelations of the individuals but it is also a structure formed by these relations. It is a pattern, a system and not the people . Those who define it as a group of people interpret it in terms of 'A Society ' as distinguished from 'Socity'.
Human beings is the social animals and human beings stand out as distinct species. Human beings claim man alone has a soul, has higher level of intelligence, has a speaking ability, has sociability and hence civilized from the sociological point of view this uniqueness can be attributed to the sole factors of culture. Culture includes all modes of thought and behaviour and all kinds of material or non-material achievement of man that are handed down from one generation to another through language. Study of culture involves on the study of human society. The difference between marriage and mating : legitimacy and illegitimacy; authority and dominance can be understood only with cultural interpretations. Most of the sciences of man ( the so called humanistic science ) are actually the science of culture. Man's political, economic, educational, occupational and such other activities are all influenced by culture. The social sciences are devoted to the study of mental and not physical phenomena. " From the sociological point of view the physical objects are products made possible only by transmission of principles and ideas from person to person ".
The Basic Feature of Society : Man is a social animal and he always lives in society. Human society, in comparison with societies, is unique in several respects. Some characteristics of human or animal is societies are as follows :-
As Kingsley Davis has pointed out any society involves a certain level of association. But this association is more intricate than a more aggregation and less complex than an organism.
Further, the units that the societies bring together at the level of association are not cells or organs, but individuals. The terms 'aggregation' and 'organism' are to be understood to know the real nature of societies.
The emergence of society can be considered to be a great step in organic evolution. But it is a step taken by only some species and not yet all. Thus the analogy must be understand only as an analogy and not as an identity.
Societal Needs : The societies have certain common needs which must be fulfilled. These needs which may be regarded as " Primary Needs " define the necessary conditions for the existence of any society. According to Kingsley Davis, these societal needs may be classified into four major categories. The needs for population, specialisation, solidarity and continuity.
The Need for Population : Society is composed of separate organisms without whom no society could exist. The three basic needs of the organisms are as follows :-
2. The need for Specialisation : Group co-operation among members pre supposes the idea of division of labour and specialisation. The degree of specialisation may differ from society to society.
3. The Need of Solidarity : Societies must guarantee some mode of contact between the members and provide for some motivation for such content. Social solidarity or cohesiveness in the group would be found.
4. The Need for Reproduction : The society or the group must be able to perpetuate its structure, and character. There must be provision for the continuity of the social system even beyond the life-span of any one individual or generation. This is possible only when there is provision for the members to reproduce their kind.
From above it is clear that any kind of society requires certain conditions for its existence. The members of a group or society may not realise them always and strive for their requirements.
Bio-Social Systems : According to Kingsley Davis societies may be classified into two broad types depending upon the nature of social patterns. Social patterns are determined by heredity or culture. Societies that have patterns fixed by 'heredity' may be called 'bio-social', and and those fixed by 'culture' may be called 'socio-cultural'. Thus , the term 'bio-social system' stands for animal society whereas the expression 'socio-cultural system' represents human society.
# Heredity, the main trait of Bio- Social System
The non- human social system meets its basic needs mainly through the mechanisms that are determined by heredity. Here a change in the social order is possible only from the change in the germ plasma. The society is in the grip of organic evolution. It is biological in character and hence the name 'bio- social system'. Kingsley Davis has carried on his discussion of bio- social system and socio- cultural system at three levels :-
In the first level he makes a comparison between the mammalian and other non- mammalian societies.
At the second level, he compares the primates, the highest kind of mammals, with the lower mammals on the one hand, and with the human beings on the other ; and
At the third level ; he concentrates on the human society which represents the socio- cultural system.
# Culture the Greator of Gaulf Between Human Beings and Primates.
The Homo Sapines, the high minded type of primate has a clear edge over other primates for it has facility of cultural. Society is bio- socio- cultural. It can be referred to as ' socio- cultural ' or in simply as ' human society '. According to Kingsley Davie's, culture provided the sole explanation for the marked differences that we find between human society on the one hand and non- human society, on the other. Hence he calls the human social system " Socio- Culture System ". The dominant role of culture in the socio- cultural system are as follows :-
Division of labour based on culture.
Continuous sexuality conditioned by culture.
Symbolic Communication
The speed of learning.
The volume of learning.
Division of labour in learning.
Social survival depends on culture.
The cultural invention of writing.
Normative control of behaviour.
The moral order of the human society.
The normative factor modifies bio- social traits.
Man is not only social but also cultural. Every society prescribes its own ways and means of giving social training to its new born members so that they may develop their own personality. This social training is called 'Socialisation'. Little of man's behaviour is instinctive. Rather, man's behaviour is 'learnt' behaviour. The process of moulding and shaping the personality of the human infant is called 'Socialisation'. Man is not born social. At birth the human child possesses the potentialities of becoming human. The child becomes a man or a person through a variety of experiences. He becomes then what the sociologist calls 'Socialized'. Man is man because he shares with others a common culture. Sociologists have given more importance to socialisation because man is a cultural being. Socialisation is often referred to as the ' transmission of culture ' the process whereby men learn the rules and practices of social groups. Education - purposeful instruction- is thus only a part of the socialisation process.
Some definitions are as follows :
Bogardus : Socialisation is the 'process of working together, of developing group responsibility, or being guided by the welfare needs of others'.
W.F. Ogburn : " Socialisation is the process by which the individual learns to conform to the norms of the groups".
Harry M. Johnson : Understands the socialisation as 'learning that enables the learner to perform social roles'.
The socialisation process has been discussed on the following subject matters and they are as follows :-
The concept of socialisation
The process of socialisation
Internalisation of social norms
Types of socialisation
Conditions of learning
Internalised objects
Theories of socialisation
The agents of socialisation
Role of culture in socialisation
Culture, socialisation and personality
Socialisation and cultural differences
Importance of socialisation
Failure of the socialisation process and the problems of faculty socialisation.
Sociology as a social science has been trying to develop its own method of study. Sociology has to face greater problems in evolving a satisfactory method in the comparison with other social sciences. Man' s social life is complex and multi-faceted. It is highly a challenging task for sociologists to collect, analyse, synthesis and finally generalise social data which are too numerous, complex and illusive. Some of the methods are given below :-
1. The Comparative Method : " The methods of comparing different societies or groups within the same society to show wheather and why they are similar or different in certain respects". To tackle the problems of society effectively and to make fruitful discoveries, sociology has to employ precise and well tested methods of investigation.
2. Historical Method : " A study of events, processes and institutions of past civilisations, for the purpose of finding the origins of antecedents of contemporary social life and thus understanding its nature and working". Historical sociology is a particular kind of comperative study of social groups; their compositions, their interrelationships and the social conditions which support or undermine them.
3. The Statistical Method : The term 'Statistics' may be used in two ways:
To refer to the application of statistical methods to social or non-social problems, and
To refer to the actual numerical data collected in relation to these problems. The term 'social statistics' or 'statistical method' refers to the method that is used to measure social phenomena mathematically. As Bogardus has pointed out " Social statistics is mathematics applied to human facts"
4. The Case Study Method : The 'Case Study' is a practice derived from legal studies. In legal studies a 'case' refers to an event or set of events involving legal acts. In sociology case study method is a holistic treatment of a subject. The case study may make use of various techniques such as interview, questionnaires, schedules, life histories, relevant documents of all kinds and also 'participant observation' for collecting information about the case under study. Thomas and Znaniecki's " Polish Peasant in Europe and America " - (1922) is a classic work in the field of case study.
5. The Functional Method ( Functionalism ) : In functional method or functionalism has been given greater emphasis during recent times in sociological studies. Functionalism refers " to the study of social phenomena from the point of view of the functions that particular institutions or social structures, such as class, serve in a society". Durkheim is the man who first gave a rigorous concept of social function in his " The Division of Labour in Society " and in " The Rules of Sociological Method".
6. The Scientific Method : The basis of study of any science or discipline is its methods. Sciences in general and natural science in particular follow the scientific method. The scientific method is added much to their credibility and objectivity. The scientific method consists of certain steps or procedures which are to be followed precisely and they are as given below:
Formulation of the Problem,
# Formulation of Hypothesis,
# Observation of Collection of Data,
# Analysis and Synthesis,
# Generalisation,
# Formulation of Theory and Law. Scientific method has a few limitations in sociology.
Limitations of the Scientific Methods in Sociology : Science is defined as a systematic body of knowledge. 'System' words refers to the method that is followed. This method is the scientific method. It is commonly followed in the case of physical sciences. Scientific method has few limitations in sociology. The limitations are as follows :- # Difficulty in the Use of Experimental, #Interdependence of Cause and Effect, # Intangibility of Social Phenomena, # Complexity of Social Data, # Unpredictability, # Problems of Objectivity.
The Scientific Viewpoint Method : Scientific outlook is very essential for a learner of a discipline like sociology. A man of science yearns to know. The scientific outlook or viewpoint refers mainly to the way in which an individual looks at the things. To have this scientific outlook or viewpoint or perspective he must have certain qualities and follow certain basic norms and some of them may be mentioned : # The scientist likes and loves truth, # The scientist maintains objectivity, # The scientist follows the a moral approach, # The scientist is free from prejudices or pre-conceived notions, # The scientist generally assumes that knowledge is worthwhile, # The scientist is broad minded in spirit, # The scientist is always analytical.
Sociology As A Science : There is a controversy about the nature of sociology as a science. ' Is sociology a science' is an issue which is highly debated and discussed. W.F. Ogburn, an American sociologist, is of the opinion that sociology is a science. According to him, a science is to be judged by three cretia : # the reliability of its body of knowledge, # its organizations, and # its method. Strictly speaking laboratory experiment is not possible in sociology. We may say that 'science' after all , is a method to dig cover the truth. Experimental method is not the only method of realising the truth.
The Sociological Point of View : The generally accepted meaning of sociology is that it is the science of society. But sociology is not the only science that deals with the human society and social phenomena. Different social sciences such as Economics, History, Political Science, Psychology, etc., also select one or the other aspect of society for their study. " Social disciplines are all studying the same external phenomena the facts of social life". As K. Davis points out, " It is rather a difference in the point of view or focus of attention".
Sociology is the youngest social science in the compare of other social sciences. It is gradually develop and still it has made remarkable progress. In modern times, there is a growing realisation of the scientific study of social phenomena and the means of promoting what Prof. Giddings calls human adequacy ( human welfare ). The study of sociology has a great value especially in modern complex society and some uses of sociology are as follows :-
Sociology studies society in a scientific way. The scientific knowledge about human society is needed in order to achieve progress in various field.
Sociology improves our understanding of society and increases the power of social action. Knowledge of society, social groups, social institutions, etc. helps us to lead an effective social life.
Sociology throws more light on the social nature of man. Sociology delves deep into the social nature of man. It examines the relationship between individual and society, the impact of society on man and other matters.
The study of sociology helps us to know not only our society and men but also others, their motives, aspirations, status, occupations, traditions, customs, institutions, culture, etc. In a huge industrialized society are experiences.
The contribution of sociology is not less significant in enriching culture. Sociology has given training to us to have rational approach to questions concerning ourselves, our religion customs, mores, institutions, values, ideologies, etc. It has made us to become more objective, critical and dispassionate.
Another aspect of the practical side of sociology is the study of great social institutions and the relations of individuals of each one of them. The home and family, marriage and family school and education, religion and morality, etc. are some of the main institution, through which society functions.
Sociology is useful as a teaching subject too. Sociology is a profession in which technical competence brings its own rewards. Sociologists, especially those trained in research procedure are in increasing demand in business, government industry, communications, social welfare, etc. and many other areas of community life.
The need for the study of sociology is greater especially in underdeveloped countries. Sociologists have now drawn the attention of economists regarding the social factors that have contributed to the economic backwardness of a few countries. Economists have now realised the importance of sociological knowledge in analysing the economic affairs of a country.
The study of society is a paramount importance in solving social problems. The present world is best with several social problems of great magnitude like poverty, beggary, unemployment, prostitution, over-population, racial-problems, crime, alcoholism, untouchable, etc. A careful analysis of these problems is necessary in order to solve them.
Sociological knowledge is necessary for understanding and planning of society. Social planning has been made easier by sociology. Sociology is often considered a vehicle of social reform and social reorganization. It plays an important role in the reconstruction of society.
The practical utility of sociological techniques. The techniques developed by the sociologists and other social scientists are adopted by others. Social survey was developed and used mainly by sociologists and statisticious, it has become an essential tool of market research and political polling. Sociologists provide a great deal of information that is helpful in making decisions on social policy.
Study of society has helped several governments to promote the welfare of the tribal people. Not only the civilized societies, but even the tribal societies are faced with several socio-economic and cultural problems. Efforts are now being made to treat the tribal no par with the rest of the civilized people.
Sociology of great practical help in the sense, it keeps us up-to-date on modern social situations and developments. Sociology has been greatly responsible in changing our attitudes towards fellow human beings. It has helped people to catholic in out look and broadminded in spirit. It has minimized the mental distance and reduced the gap between different peoples and communities.
Finally as Prof. Giddings has pointed out " Sociology tells us how to become what we want to be".
Thus, sociology was used in the different fields of sociologists in the development task of society and for the welfare of the society. Sociology is as important as to form a good society, community, and a whole world.
Sociology is fast growing and popular discipline. Sociologists are at work to bring into its range of study almost all aspects of man's social life. Sociology has a tendency to break down into an endless list of specialties. Thus it has several specialized areas of inquiry each of which may employ its own approach and techniques. So that sociology have its sub-divisions or branches and they are as follows:-
Historical Sociology :- Historical is the one of the branches of sociology. In a sense that all sociological research is historical for the sociologists normally go into the records pertaining to the events that have happened or have been observed. ' Social history is history which deals with human relations, social patterns, mores and customs and important institutions other than monarchy and army'.
Sociology of Knowledge :- Sociology of knowledge is also the branches of sociology. This branch is pre-supposes the idea " that our knowledge is in some measure a social product". In the book "New Science" (1725) Vice tried to show how heroic literature constituted the thought mode of a specific kind of society. " According to Marx and Engles, all knowledge has been distorted, directed and conditioned by the intrested conscious and unconscious, of conflicting exploited and exploiting classes".
Political Sociology :- In the time of Aristotle the thinkers have been making systematic study of concrete political phenomena. They have been observing how political phenomena influences and get influences by the rest of the social structure and culture. As Semelser N.J. says , " Political sociology can be defined as the study of the interrelationship between society and polity, between social structures and political institutions".
Social or Human Ecology :- Ecology is a branch of biology and has largely concerned with the environment of the lower animals and plants. It refers to the influence of the environment upon human ecology. A community, from the ecological point of view, includes a focal area plus the surrounding territory . Its size is determined by the extent of its economic and social influence. This ecological conception is used by the sociologists in their study of the community.
Rural Sociology :- Rural sociology is a specialised field of sociology. It deals with the society of village or rural society. It is a systematic and scientific study of rural society. " Rural sociology is the sociology of rural life in rural environment" by Sanderson. " Rural sociology is that study human relationships in rural environment" by Bertand. It provides us that knowledge about the rural social phenomena which can help us in making contribution to the development of rural society.
Military of Sociology
Folk Sociology
Urban Sociology
Sociology of Arts
Sociology of Sexual behaviour
Sociology of Culture
Sociology of Action
Industrial Sociology
Economic Sociology or The Sociology of Economic Life
Sociology of Mass Society
Sociology of Methodology
Sociology of Social Structure
Sociology of Theory
Sociology of Psychology, etc
Thus, sociology have many branches on the study of the society. Sociology has already made intensive studies in fields like social stratification, mass media of communication, public opinion and bureaucracy. The horizons of sociology are expanding gradually. Its scope is becoming wider to encompass all the realms of man's social life.
As science have their own areas of study or fields of inquiry thus sociology also have its own area or field to study. As V.F. Calberton comments, "Since sociology is so elastic science, it is difficult to determine just where its boundaries begin and end, where sociology becomes social psychology and where social psychology becomes sociology, or where economic theory becomes sociological doctrine or biological theory becomes sociological theory something, which is impossible to decide".
There are two types of scope or as the school of thoughts and they are as follows:-
Specialistic or Formalistic School of Thought
Synthetic School of Thoughts
The formalistic school of thoughts is the subject matter of sociology consist of forms of social relationships. These sociologists want to keep the scope of sociology as pure and independent. Sociology studies in such relation with other sciences as is analogus to the relation holding between the physical sciences and geometry. Sociology is a specific social science which describes, classifies, analyzes, and delineates the forms of human relationships or forms of social process. Some sociologists are on the side or they are the advocates of the formalistic or specialistic school of thoughts and they are as follows:-
George Simmel
Max Weber
Vier Kandt
Von Wiese
Ferdinand Tonnies
And, due to the some criticism the specialistic or formalistic school of thoughts cannot take a right position in the scope of sociology . Some of the criticized are as follows:-
Other sciences also study forms of social relationship.
The conception of pure sociology is impractical.
Forms of social relationships differ from the forms of geometry.
Separated from the concrete relation, abstract forms can not be studies.
Formalistic school has extremely narrowed the scope of sociology.
As against the specialistic school the synthetic school wants to make sociology a synthesis of the social sciences or a general science. Sociology is the science of sciences and all the sciences are included in its scope, it synthesizes all of them. According to the synthetic school, the scope of sociology is encyclopedic and synoptic. The viewpoint, which are reflected in geographical, biological and economic determinism, these sociologists have advised to make sociology comprehensive and wide. In the words of Motwani," Sociology thus seeks to see life full and see it whole." Some sociologists are on the side or they are the advocates of synthetic school of thoughts and they are as follows:-
Emile Durkheim
Morrico Ginsberg
Reuter and Hart
Hob House
Sorokin
Thus, this school of thoughts wants sociology to be the synthesis of all social science. It attempts to wider the field of sociology. It views that society and in parts are so intimately related that they are difficult to understand in isolation.
Posted by
Unknown
7:22 PM
Sociology is the branch of knowledge and it has its own characteristics. Sociology has different nature in society. It is different from other sciences in certain respects. The following are the main characteristics of sociology as enlisted by Robert Bierstedt in his book " The Social Order" and they are as follows:-
Sociology is an independent science :- It is not treated and studies as a branch of any other science like philosophy or political philosophy or history.
Sociology is the social science and not a physical science :- As a social science it concentrates its attention on man, his social behaviour, social activities and social life.
Sociology is the categorical and not a normative discipline :- Sociology "Confines itself to statement about what is, not what should be or ought to be". As a social science sociology is necessarily silent about questions of value and it is ethically neutral.
Sociology is the pure science and not an applied science :- The main aim of pure science is the acquisition of knowledge and it is not bothered weather the acquired knowledge is useful or can be put to use.
Sociology is the relatively an abstract science and not a concrete science :- Sociology does not confine itself to the study of this society of that particular society or social organization, or marriage, or religion, or group and so on. It is in this simple sense that sociology is an abstract nor a concrete science.
Sociology is the generalizing and not a particularizing or individualizing science :- Sociology tries to find out the general laws or principles about human interaction and association, about the nature, from, content and the structure of human groups and societies. It tries to make generalisations on the basis of the study of some selected events.
Sociology is the general science not a special science :- The area of inquiry of sociology is general not specialised. It is concerned with human interaction and human life in general. It only studies human activities in a general way. Anthropology and social psychology often claim themselves to be general social science.
Sociology is both rational and an empirical science :- There are two broad ways of approach to scientific knowledge. Empiricism is the approach that emphasis experience and the facts that result from observation and experimentation. Rationalism is stresses reason and the theories that result from logical inference.
Above are the nature of sociology which helps to know about the sociology character on its field. It is clear from the above that sociology is an indepent, a social, a categorical, a pure, an abstract, a generalising, both a rational and a empirical and a general science.
Sociology is the wider and broader in scope and it was related or interlinked with many others social sciences. Sociology is the science of the society and in society many kinds of things were happens to fulfilled the whole society and there is co-operation between sciences like as follows:-
Political Science : Political science and sociology are very closely related. Political science deals with the political activities of man. It studies social groups organised under the sovereignty of the state. " Historically, sociology has its main root in politics and philosophy of history "- Morries Ginsberg. " Political is embedded in the social that if political science remains distinct from sociology, it will be because of the breadth of the field calls for the specialist, not because there are any well-defined boundaries marking it off from sociology"- Garner. Sociology is the science of state and government. Sociology is the young science and political science is older science.
History Science : Sociology and history are very much interrelated. Like political science, sociology is becoming one of the most genuine fruits of history to which it is intimately connected. History is the reconstruction of man's past. It is the story of the experience of man kind and the record of the human past. History is the microscope of the past, the horoscope of the present and the telescope of the future. Sociology is the science of society, on the other hand is intrested in the present. It tries to analyse human interactions and interrelations with all their complexity and diversity. It also studies the historical development of societies. History with its record of various social events of the past offers data facts to sociologists. History is a storehouse of records, a treasury of knowledge. Historians also uses sociology. 'History is past sociology', and 'Sociology is present History'-G.E. Howard.
Anthropology : The relation between sociology and anthropology is widely recognized today. Anthropology is " concerned not with particular man but with man in groups, with races and peoples and their happenings and doings". According to Hoebel, " Sociology and Social Anthropology are, in their broadest sense one and the same".Sociology has borrowed many concepts log, cultural patterns, cultural configuration, etc., from socio-cultural anthropology. Anthropology as a discipline is so closely related to sociology that the two are frequently indistinguishable. Sociologists in their studies
Psychology : Sociology and psychology are contributory sciences. Psychology has been defined as the study of human behaviour. In the words of Thouless, " Psychology is the positive science of human experience and behaviour ". As Krech and Crutchfield define, " Social Psychology is the science of the behaviour of the individual in society ". Social psychology helps us a great deal in facing several social problems. Murphy " Social psychology is the study of the way in which the individual becomes members of and functions in a social groups ". Sociology analyses social processes but social psychology analysis mental processes of man.
Economics : Sociology and economics as social sciences have close relations. According to Thomas, " Economics is, in fact, but one branch of the comprehensive science of sociology ". Dr. Alfred Marshall defines economics as " On the one side the study of wealth and on the other and more important side a part of the study of man ". Sociologists have contributed to the study of different aspects of economic organization. Sociology studies all kinds of social relationships but economics deals with only those social relationships which are economic.
Engineer Science
Web Science
Medical Science
Ayurveda's Science
Forest Science
Law Science
Human Science
Above all the science are interrelated with sociology in different ways. Thus that sociology is the wider in concept too.
